Impact and Incidence of Taxes

 The term impact is used to express the immediate result of or original imposition of the tax. The impact of a tax is on the person on whom it is imposed first. Thus, the person who is paying the tax to the government bears its impact. The impact of a tax, as such, denotes the act of impinging. 

The term incidence refers to the location of the ultimate or the direct money burden of the tax as such. It signifies the settlement of the tax burden on the ultimate tax payer. Incidence emerges when the tax finally settles or comes to rest on the person who bears it. It, in fact, is the ultimate result of shifting. Hence, the incidence of a tax is upon that person who cannot shift the burden any further, so he has to himself bear the direct money burden of the tax. 

It is, thus, easy to distinguish between the impact and incidence of taxation: 

1. Impact refers to the initial burden of the tax, while incidence refers to the ultimate burden of the tax. 

2. Impact is at the point of imposition, incidence occurs at the point of settlement.
 
3. The impact of a tax falls upon the person fr6m whom the tax is collected and the incidence rests on the person who pays it eventually. For example, suppose a tax — excise duty — is imposed on soap. Its impact is on the producers, in the first instance, as they are liable to pay it to the government. But, the producers may succeed in collecting it from the consumers by raising the price of soap by the amount of tax. In that case, consumers eventually pay the tax and so the incidence falls upon them. 

4. Impact may be shifted but incidence cannot. For, incidence is the end of the shifting process. Sometimes, however, when no shifting is possible, as in the case of income tax or such other direct taxes, the impact coincides with incidence on the same person


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